Placental abruption

Overview

Placental abruption (abruptio placentae) is an uncommon yet serious complication of pregnancy. The placenta develops in the uterus during pregnancy. It attaches to the wall of the uterus and supplies the baby with nutrients and oxygen.

Placental abruption occurs when the placenta partly or completely separates from the inner wall of the uterus before delivery. This can decrease or block the baby's supply of oxygen and nutrients and cause heavy bleeding in the mother.

Placental abruption often happens suddenly. Left untreated, it endangers both the mother and the baby.

Symptoms

Placental abruption is most likely to occur in the last trimester of pregnancy, especially in the last few weeks before birth. Signs and symptoms of placental abruption include:

Vaginal bleeding, although there might not be any
Abdominal pain
Back pain
Uterine tenderness or rigidity
Uterine contractions, often coming one right after another

Abdominal pain and back pain often begin suddenly. The amount of vaginal bleeding can vary greatly, and doesn't necessarily indicate how much of the placenta has separated from the uterus. It's possible for the blood to become trapped inside the uterus, so even with a severe placental abruption, there might be no visible bleeding.

In some cases, placental abruption develops slowly (chronic abruption), which can cause light, intermittent vaginal bleeding. Your baby might not grow as quickly as expected, and you might have low amniotic fluid or other complications.

When to see a doctor

Seek emergency care if you have signs or symptoms of placental abruption.

Causes

The cause of placental abruption is often unknown. Possible causes include trauma or injury to the abdomen — from an auto accident or fall, for example — or rapid loss of the fluid that surrounds and cushions the baby in the uterus (amniotic fluid).

Risk factors

Factors that can increase the risk of placental abruption include:

Placental abruption in a previous pregnancy that wasn't caused by abdominal trauma
Chronic high blood pressure (hypertension)
Hypertension-related problems during pregnancy, including preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome or eclampsia
A fall or other type of blow to the abdomen
Smoking
Cocaine use during pregnancy
Early rupture of membranes, which causes leaking amniotic fluid before the end of pregnancy
Infection inside of the uterus during pregnancy (chorioamnionitis)
Being older, especially older than 40

Complications

Placental abruption can cause life-threatening problems for both mother and baby.

For the mother, placental abruption can lead to:

Shock due to blood loss
Blood clotting problems
The need for a blood transfusion
Failure of the kidneys or other organs resulting from blood loss
Rarely, the need for hysterectomy, if uterine bleeding can't be controlled

For the baby, placental abruption can lead to:

Restricted growth from not getting enough nutrients
Not getting enough oxygen
Premature birth
Stillbirth

Prevention

You can't prevent placental abruption, but you can decrease certain risk factors. For example, don't smoke or use illegal drugs, such as cocaine. If you have high blood pressure, work with your health care provider to monitor the condition.

Always wear your seatbelt when in a motor vehicle. If you've had abdominal trauma — from an auto accident, fall or other injury — seek immediate medical help.

If you've had a placental abruption, and you're planning another pregnancy, talk to your health care provider before you conceive to see if there are ways to reduce the risk of another abruption.

Diagnosis

If your health care provider suspects placental abruption, he or she will do a physical exam to check for uterine tenderness or rigidity. To help identify possible sources of vaginal bleeding, your provider will likely recommend blood and urine tests and ultrasound.

During an ultrasound, high-frequency sound waves create an image of your uterus on a monitor. It's not always possible to see a placental abruption on an ultrasound, however.

Treatment

It isn't possible to reattach a placenta that's separated from the wall of the uterus. Treatment options for placental abruption depend on the circumstances:

The baby isn't close to full term. If the abruption seems mild, your baby's heart rate is normal and it's too early for the baby to be born, you might be hospitalized for close monitoring. If the bleeding stops and your baby's condition is stable, you might be able to rest at home.

You might be given medication to help your baby's lungs mature and to protect the baby's brain, in case early delivery becomes necessary.
The baby is close to full term. Generally after 34 weeks of pregnancy, if the placental abruption seems minimal, a closely monitored vaginal delivery might be possible. If the abruption worsens or jeopardizes your or your baby's health, you'll need an immediate delivery — usually by C-section.

For severe bleeding, you might need a blood transfusion.

Preparing for your appointment

Placental abruption is often a medical emergency, leaving you no time to prepare. However, it's possible that your health care provider might notice signs of a coming abruption.

Depending on the suspected severity of your placental abruption, you might be admitted to the hospital and monitored. Or you might be admitted for emergency surgery to deliver the baby.

If you and the baby are being monitored in the hospital, here's some information to help you prepare for what's to come.

What you can do

While you're in the hospital:

Pay attention to changes. Alert your health care team immediately if there's a change in your symptoms or their frequency.
Let your doctor know about all medications you've been taking, including vitamins and supplements. Include whether you've smoked during your pregnancy or used illegal drugs.
Ask a loved one or friend to be with you, if possible. Someone who's with you can help you remember the information provided, especially in an emergency.

Some questions you might want to ask your doctor include:

What tests do I need?
Is the baby in danger? Am I?
What are the treatment options?
What are the possible complications?
What can I expect if the baby is born now?
Will I need a blood transfusion?
What are the chances of my needing a hysterectomy after the delivery?

What to expect from your doctor

Your doctor is likely to ask you questions, including:

When did your signs and symptoms begin?
Have you noticed changes in your signs and symptoms?
How much bleeding have you noticed?
Can you feel your baby moving?
Have you noticed clear fluid leaking from your vagina?
Have you had nausea, vomiting or lightheadedness?
Are you having contractions? If so, how close together are they?