Drug allergy

Overview

A drug allergy is the reaction of the immune system to a medicine. Any medicine — nonprescription, prescription or herbal — can provoke a drug allergy. However, a drug allergy is more likely with certain medicines.

The most common symptoms of drug allergy are hives, rash or fever. But a drug allergy also may cause serious reactions. This includes a severe, life-threatening condition known as anaphylaxis.

A drug allergy is not the same as a drug side effect. A side effect is a known possible reaction to a medicine. Side effects to medicines are listed on their drug labels. A drug allergy also is different from drug toxicity. Drug toxicity is caused by an overdose of medicine.

Symptoms

Symptoms of a serious drug allergy often occur within an hour after taking a drug. Other reactions, particularly rashes, can occur hours, days or weeks later.

Drug allergy symptoms may include:

Skin rash
Hives
Itching
Fever
Swelling
Shortness of breath
Wheezing
Runny nose
Itchy, watery eyes

Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a rare, life-threatening reaction to a drug allergy that causes the widespread dysfunction of body systems. Symptoms of anaphylaxis include:

Tightening of the airways and throat, causing trouble breathing
Nausea or abdominal cramps
Vomiting or diarrhea
Dizziness or lightheadedness
Weak, fast pulse
Drop in blood pressure
Seizure
Loss of consciousness

Other conditions resulting from drug allergy

Less-common drug allergy reactions happen days or weeks after exposure to a drug and may persist for some time after you stop taking the drug. These conditions include:

Serum sickness, which may cause fever, joint pain, rash, swelling and nausea
Drug-induced anemia, a reduction in red blood cells, which can cause fatigue, irregular heartbeats, shortness of breath and other symptoms
Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), which results in rash, high white blood cell count, general swelling, swollen lymph nodes and recurrence of dormant hepatitis infection
Inflammation in the kidneys, also called nephritis, which can cause fever, blood in the urine, general swelling, confusion and other symptoms

When to see a doctor

Call 911 or emergency medical help if you experience signs of a severe reaction or suspected anaphylaxis after taking a medication.

If you have milder symptoms of a drug allergy, see your health care provider as soon as possible.

Causes

A drug allergy occurs when your immune system mistakenly identifies a drug as a harmful substance, such as a virus or bacterium. Once your immune system detects a drug as a harmful substance, it develops an antibody specific to that drug. This can happen the first time you take a drug, but sometimes an allergy doesn't develop until there have been repeated exposures.

The next time you take the drug, these specific antibodies flag the drug and direct immune system attacks on the substance. Chemicals released by this activity cause the symptoms associated with an allergic reaction.

You may not be aware of your first exposure to a drug, however. Some evidence suggests that trace amounts of a drug in the food supply, such as an antibiotic, may be sufficient for the immune system to create an antibody to it.

Some allergic reactions may result from a somewhat different process. Researchers believe that some drugs can bind directly to a certain type of immune system white blood cell called a T cell. This event causes the release of chemicals that can result in an allergic reaction the first time you take the drug.

Drugs commonly linked to allergies

Although any drug can cause an allergic reaction, some drugs are more commonly associated with allergies. These include:

Antibiotics, such as penicillin
Pain relievers, such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve)
Chemotherapy drugs for treating cancer
Medicines for autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis

Nonallergic drug reactions

Sometimes a reaction to a drug can produce symptoms virtually the same as those of a drug allergy. However, a drug reaction isn't triggered by immune system activity. This condition is called a nonallergic hypersensitivity reaction or pseudoallergic drug reaction.

Drugs that are more commonly associated with this condition include:

Aspirin
Dyes used in imaging tests (radiocontrast media)
Opiates for treating pain
Local anesthetics

Risk factors

While anyone can have an allergic reaction to a drug, a few factors can increase your risk. These include:

A history of other allergies, such as food allergy or hay fever
A personal or family history of drug allergy
Increased exposure to a drug, because of high doses, repeated use or prolonged use
Certain illnesses commonly associated with allergic drug reactions, such as HIV infection or the Epstein-Barr virus

Prevention

If you have a drug allergy, the best prevention is to stop using the problem drug. Steps you can take to protect yourself include the following:

Inform health care workers. Be sure that your drug allergy is clearly identified in your medical records. Inform other health care providers, such as your dentist or any medical specialist.
Wear a bracelet. Wear a medical alert bracelet that identifies your drug allergy. This information can ensure proper treatment in an emergency.

Diagnosis

An accurate diagnosis is essential. Research has suggested that drug allergies may be overdiagnosed and that patients may report drug allergies that have never been confirmed. Misdiagnosed drug allergies may result in the use of less-appropriate or more-expensive drugs.

Your health care provider typically conducts a physical examination and ask you questions. Details about the onset of symptoms, the time you took medications, and improvement or worsening of symptoms are important clues for helping your provider make a diagnosis.

Your provider may order additional tests or refer you to an allergy specialist (allergist) for tests. These may include the following.

Skin tests

With a skin test, the allergist or nurse administers a small amount of a suspect drug to your skin either with a tiny needle that scratches the skin, an injection or a patch. A positive reaction to a test often causes a red, itchy, raised bump.

A positive result suggests you may have a drug allergy.

A negative result isn't as clear-cut. For some drugs, a negative test result usually means that you're not allergic to the drug. For other drugs, a negative result may not completely rule out the possibility of a drug allergy.

Blood tests

Your provider may order blood work to rule out other conditions that could be causing symptoms.

While there are blood tests for detecting allergic reactions to a few drugs, these tests aren't used often because of the relatively limited research on their accuracy. They may be used if there's concern about a severe reaction to a skin test.

Results of diagnostic work-up

After analyzing your symptoms and test results, your provider can usually reach one of the following conclusions:

You have a drug allergy
You don't have a drug allergy
You may have a drug allergy — with varying degrees of certainty

These conclusions can help when making future treatment decisions.

Treatment

Interventions for a drug allergy can be divided into two general strategies:

Treatment for present allergy symptoms
Treatment that may enable you to take an allergy-causing drug if it's medically necessary

Treating current symptoms

The following interventions may be used to treat an allergic reaction to a drug:

Withdrawal of the drug. If your provider determines that you have a drug allergy — or likely allergy — discontinuing the drug is the first step in treatment. In many cases, this may be the only intervention necessary.
Antihistamines. Your provider may prescribe an antihistamine or recommend a nonprescription antihistamine such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl). An antihistamine can block immune system chemicals triggered during an allergic reaction.
Corticosteroids. Either oral or injected corticosteroids may be used to treat inflammation associated with more-serious reactions.
Treatment of anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis requires an immediate epinephrine injection. Hospital care also is necessary to maintain blood pressure and support breathing.

Taking allergy-causing drugs

If you have a confirmed drug allergy, your provider likely would not prescribe the drug unless it is necessary. In some cases — if the diagnosis of drug allergy is uncertain or there's no alternative treatment — your provider may use one of two strategies to use the suspect drug.

With either strategy, your provider provides careful supervision. Supportive care also is available in the event of an adverse reaction. These interventions are generally not used if drugs have caused severe, life-threatening reactions in the past.

Graded challenge

If the diagnosis of a drug allergy is uncertain and your provider judges that an allergy is unlikely, a graded drug challenge may be an option. With this procedure, you receive 2 to 5 doses of the drug, starting with a small dose and increasing to the desired dose.

If you reach the therapeutic dose with no reaction, then your provider may recommend that you take the drug as prescribed.

Drug desensitization

If it's necessary for you to take a drug that has caused an allergic reaction, your provider may recommend a treatment called drug desensitization. With this treatment, you receive a very small dose and then progressively larger doses every 15 to 30 minutes over several hours or days. If you can reach the desired dosage with no reaction, then you can continue the treatment.

Preparing for an appointment

See your health care provider if you experience symptoms that may be related to a drug you recently started taking or take regularly. Be prepared to answer the following questions. These details are important in helping to determine the cause of your symptoms.

What symptoms did you experience? Don't leave out details even if they seem unrelated.
When did the symptoms start? Be as specific as possible.
How long did the symptoms last?
What new drug have you taken?
When did you take it?
Have you stopped taking the new drug?
What other nonprescription or prescription drugs do you take?
What herbal medications, vitamins or other dietary supplements do you take?
At what time of day do you take your other medications or supplements?
Have you increased the dosage of any regular drug or supplement?
Have you stopped taking your regular medications or supplements?
Did you take anything to treat your symptoms, and what was the effect?
Have you had a reaction to a drug in the past? If so, what drug was it?
Do you have hay fever, food allergy or other allergies?
Is there a history of drug allergies in your family?

You may want to take pictures of any condition, such as a rash or swelling, to show your provider. These may help if symptoms have subsided by the time of your appointment.